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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- ISLAM
(/ˈɪslɑːm/;[note 1] Arabic: الإسلام, al-ʾIslām IPA: [alʔisˈlaːm] ( listen);[note 2]) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God (Allāh), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE). It is the world’s second-largest religion[1] and the fastest-growing major religion in the world,[2][3][4] with over 1.7 billion followers[5] or 23% of the global population,[1] known as Muslims.[6] Islam is an Abrahamic
monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable[7] and that the purpose of existence is to worship God.[8] Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.[9][10][11][12][13]
Muslims also believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.[14][15][16] As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.[17] Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment.[18][19] Certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, and religious life.
Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca,[20] it quickly spread in the Arabian Peninsula and by the 8th century the Islamic empire was extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing.[21][22][23] The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities.[24]
Most Muslims are of one of two denominations:[25][26] Sunni (75–90%)[27] or Shia (10–20%).[28] About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia,[29] the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in South Asia,[30][31] the largest population of Muslims in the world,[32] 23% in the Middle East & North Africa,[33] and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[34] Sizable Muslim communities are also found in Europe, China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.
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Criticism of Islam:
has existed, since its formative stages. Early written criticism came from Christians, before the ninth century,
many of whom viewed Islam as a radical Christian heresy.[1] Later
the Muslim world itself suffered criticism.[2][3][4] Criticism of Islam in
the West was renewed after the September 11 attacks and other
terrorist attacks in the early 21st century.[5]
Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last prophet according to Islam, both in his public and personal life. [4][6] Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics.[7] Figures in Africa and India have described what they perceive as destruction of indigenous cultures by Islam. Other criticism focuses on the question of human rights in the Islamic world historically and in modern Islamic nations, including the treatment of women, LGBT people and religious and ethnic minorities in Islamic law and practice.[8][9][9] In the wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability or willingness of Muslim immigrants to assimilate in the Western world,[10] and other countries such as India[11][12][13] and Russia,[14][15] has been criticized.
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